Changes in tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital (1995-2013).

OBJECTIVE: Although the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis (TB) has decreased, changes in other characteristics of the disease are largely unknown. To describe the trends in TB in patients infected with HIV from 1995 to 2013. METHODS: We review all cases of TB in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain. RESULTS: Among 1,284 patients diagnosed of TB, 298 (23%) were coinfected with HIV. The prevalence of HIV infection during the period of study has decreased from 40% to 14% (p for the trend < 0.001). Clinical presentation has also changed. Although pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB has remained unchanged, miliary presentation has significantly decreased (from 36% to 22%, p = 0.005). The 4-drug regimen was the preferable scheme, with higher implementation at the end of the study period (82% from 1995-1999 to 95% in 2010-2013, p = 0.43). Factors such as treatment failure (OR: 11.7; CI 95%: 3.12-44.1) and miliary form (OR: 2.8; CI 95%; 1.09-7.3) were independently associated with TB related mortality, while the longer duration of treatment was as a protective factor (OR 0.7; CI 95%: 0.6-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: HIV has decreased very significantly as a risk factor for the development of TB. Despite improvement in the treatment of both TB and HIV, and in overall mortality, deaths attributable to the disease in this population remain high mostly in miliary and relapsing forms.

[Controversies about the clinical management of Whipple's disease]. / Controversias en el manejo clínico de la enfermedad de Whipple.

BACKGROUND: There are a lot of controversies related to the diagnostic and therapeutic management of Whipple s disease. PATIENTS: We present 4 cases of Whipple's disease, collected from the Gastroenterology Service of the Hospital Ramon y Cajal, from Madrid. RESULTS: The average age was 69. The first symptoms were in order of frequency, arthralgias, loss of weight, arthritis, diarrhoea, fever, epigastric pain and neurologic symptoms. Three were treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol and one with cefixime. There were no recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic appearance of the duodenum is fundamental for the suspicion of the disease. The initial parenteral treatment may consist of ceftriaxone and try to avoid using streptomycine because of its toxicity, followed by oral trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazol. As an alternative to the latter, cefixime is usually effective. The typical findings of the duodenum biopsy can persist several months or years after finishing the treatment, decreasing the value of endoscopic pursuit after treatment.

Controversias en el manejo clínico de la enfermedad de Whipple / Controversies about the clinical management of Whipple's disease

Fundamento: Existen muchas controversias relacionadas con el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la enfermedad de Whipple. Pacientes: Se presentan cuatro casos de enfermedad de Whipple, recogidos del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Ramón y Cajal de Madrid. La edad media fue 69 años. Los síntomas de presentación fueron en orden de frecuencia artralgias, pérdida de peso, artritis, diarrea, fiebre, dolor epigástrico y síntomas neurológicos. Tres fueron tratados con trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol y uno con cefixima. No hubo recidivas. Conclusiones: El aspecto endoscópico del duodeno es decisivo para la sospecha de la enfermedad. El tratamiento inicial parenteral de la enfermedad debe realizarse con ceftriaxona e intentar evitar la estreptomicina por su toxicidad, seguido del trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol oral. Como alternativa la cefixima parece eficaz. Los hallazgos típicos de la biopsia pueden persistir meses y años después de finalizado el tratamiento, lo cual resta valor al seguimiento endoscópico de los pacientes tras el tratamiento (AU)

[Meningitis caused by multiresistant E. coli after an echo-directed transrectal biopsy]. / Meningitis por E. coli multirresistente tras biopsia transrectal ecodirigida.

Transrectal prostate biopsy is the most accurate method for prostate cancer diagnosis. Although an antimicrobial prophylaxis is employed in most cases, infectious complications are among the most severe. We present a case of E. coli multirresistant meningitis after transrectal prostate biopsy despite quinolone prophylaxis.

Meningitis por E. coli multirresistente tras biopsia transrectal ecodirigida / E. Coli multirresistant meningitis after transrectal prostate biopsy

La biopsia transrectal ecodirigida es actualmente el método más eficaz para el diagnóstico del carcinoma prostático. A pesar de que en la mayoría de los protocolos se emplea profilaxis antibiótica, las complicaciones infecciosas se encuentran entre las de mayor gravedad. Presentamos un caso de meningitis por E. coli multirresistente después de la realización de una biopsia transrectal de próstata a pesar de la profilaxis con quinolonas (AU)

Transrectal prostate biopsy is the most accurate method for prostate cancer diagnosis. Althoug an antimicrobial prophylaxis is employed in most cases, infectious complications are among the most severes. We present a case of E. coli multirresistant meningitis after transrectal prostate biopsy despite quinolone prophylaxis (AU)

[The risk factors associated with colonization and bacteremia in non-tunnelled central venous catheters]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a colonización y bacteriemia en catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for colonization and bacteremia among patients with non-tunnelled central venous catheters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted of a cohort of patients carrying non-tunnelled central venous catheters. Different parameters were obtained and the degree of its association with colonization of the distal portion of the catheter or with bacteremia associated with colonization was estimated. The CDC (centers for Disease Control) diagnostic criteria of colonization and catheter-related bacteremia were used. RESULTS: A total of 118 catheters were eventually analyzed, corresponding to 114 patients, with a catheterization mean time of 14 +/- 8 days (mean +/- SD); out of these 114 patients, 51 were colonized and in 22 the presence of associated bacteremia was confirmed. The parameters associated with a higher risk for catheter colonization included length of colonization, femoral location, number of lumina and a vital prognosis lower than one month. All these factors, with the exception of the increase in the number of lumina, showed an independent association with colonization on the multivariate analysis [catheterization length (in weeks): OR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.0-2.11; femoral location: OR 3.73; 95% CI: 1.16-11.9; vital prognosis lower than one month: OR 12.7; 95% CI: 1.4-112.7]. As for risk for catheter-related bacteremia, the univariate analysis showed an association with catheterization length and a vital prognosis lower than one month; the latter was the only factor that maintained an independent association in the multivariate analysis (OR 5.75; 95% CI: 1.17-28.27). CONCLUSION: The present study documents the relevance of prolonged catheterization as a consistent risk for colonization of non-tunnelled central venous catheters. This risk increases independently in canalization at femoral site and particularly among severely ill patients. The presence of these factors allows the identification of a high risk population for the development of catheter related bacteremia.

Factores de riesgo asociados a colonización y bacteriemia en catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados / Risk factors associated with colonization and bacteremia in non-tunnelled central venous catheters

Objetivo. Identificar factores de riesgo de colonización y de bacteriemia en pacientes con catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados. Material y métodos. Se estudió de forma prospectiva una cohorte de pacientes portadores de catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados. Se recogieron diferentes variables y se calculó la magnitud de su asociación con la colonización del segmento distal del catéter o con bacteriemia asociada a dicha colonización. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos de colonización y bacteriemia asociada a catéter establecidos por los Centers for Diseases and Control. Resultados. Se analizaron finalmente 118 catéteres, correspondientes a 114 pacientes, cuya media de cateterización fue de 14 ñ 8 días (media ñ DE), de los que 51 resultaron colonizados y de los que en 22 se confirmó la presencia de bacteriemia asociada. Las variables asociadas con un mayor riesgo de colonización del catéter fueron la duración de cateterización, la localización femoral, el número de luces y un pronóstico vital inferior a un mes; todos ellos, salvo el incremento en el número de luces, demostraron una asociación independiente con colonización en el análisis multivariante [duración de cateterización (en semanas): OR 1,46; IC95 por ciento: 1,0-2,11; localización femoral: OR 3,73; IC95 por ciento: 1,16-11,9; pronóstico vital inferior a un mes: OR 12,7; IC95 por ciento: 1,4-112,7]. En relación al riesgo de bacteriemia asociada a catéter, el análisis univariante demostró asociación con la duración de la cateterización y el pronóstico vital inferior a un mes; este último es el único que se mantuvo asociado de forma independiente en el análisis multivariante (OR 5,75; IC95 por ciento: 1,17-28,27). Conclusión. El presente trabajo confirma la importancia de la cateterización prolongada como un claro riesgo de colonización de los catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados, incrementándose este riesgo de forma independiente en las canalizaciones a nivel femoral, y sobre todo en los pacientes graves. La presencia de estos factores nos permite identificar una población de alto riesgo para el desarrollo de bacteriemia asociada a catéter (AU)

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